CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
The term 'spatial science' in geography emphasizes:
A. Only cartographic decoration
B. Analysis of spatial patterns, processes, and models
C. Only historical description
D. Only natural history
Correct Answer: B
Spatial science applies systematic and often quantitative methods to location, interaction, and spatial organization.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Logical positivism influenced quantitative geography by emphasizing:
A. Rejection of measurement
B. Only historical narration
C. Empirical testing and law-like explanation
D. Purely subjective meaning
Correct Answer: C
Positivist approaches favored observation, measurement, hypothesis testing, and generalization.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
The quantitative revolution emphasized:
A. Only travel narratives
B. Only regional description
C. Only artistic maps
D. Statistical methods, models, and spatial analysis
Correct Answer: D
Quantitative geographers sought measurable patterns and general spatial laws.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
The quantitative revolution in geography became prominent mainly during the:
A. 1950s and 1960s
B. 1750s
C. 1850s
D. 1990s only
Correct Answer: A
Postwar geography increasingly adopted statistics, models, and spatial analysis during the 1950s and 1960s.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Schaefer's critique helped encourage:
A. Elimination of statistics
B. Spatial science and the quantitative revolution
C. Return to medieval mapping only
D. Abandonment of theory
Correct Answer: B
His 1953 critique supported a law-seeking, analytical approach to geography.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Fred K. Schaefer criticized geography's:
A. Study of spatial laws
B. Use of models
C. Exceptionalism and overemphasis on unique regional description
D. Use of statistics
Correct Answer: C
Schaefer argued for a nomothetic geography seeking spatial laws rather than treating geography as exceptional.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Richard Hartshorne's influential work is:
A. Kosmos
B. Geographia Generalis
C. Explanation in Geography
D. The Nature of Geography
Correct Answer: D
Published in 1939, The Nature of Geography synthesized and defended the regional tradition.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Richard Hartshorne emphasized geography as the study of:
A. Areal differentiation
B. Only climate
C. Only population
D. Only map projections
Correct Answer: A
Hartshorne viewed geography as concerned with the differentiation of Earth's surface into regions.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Alfred Hettner is associated with the concept of:
A. Electoral geography
B. Chorology or study of areal differentiation
C. Remote sensing
D. Behavioral geography
Correct Answer: B
Hettner emphasized geography as the study of spatial differentiation and regional combinations of phenomena.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Environmental determinism argues that:
A. Space has no role
B. Only politics shapes culture
C. Physical environment strongly determines human activities and societal development
D. Humans freely choose with no constraints
Correct Answer: C
Determinism assigns dominant causal power to environmental conditions.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Possibilism argues that:
A. Environment completely determines society
B. Humans are unaffected by environment
C. Only maps matter
D. The environment offers opportunities and limits, while humans make choices
Correct Answer: D
Possibilism rejects strict determinism and emphasizes human agency within environmental constraints.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Vidal de la Blache's concept 'genre de vie' refers to:
A. A characteristic way of life shaped by culture and environment
B. A map projection
C. A time zone
D. A rainfall line
Correct Answer: A
Genre de vie describes the distinctive life patterns through which communities use environmental possibilities.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Paul Vidal de la Blache is closely associated with:
A. Geodesy
B. Possibilism
C. Environmental determinism
D. Quantitative revolution
Correct Answer: B
Vidal emphasized human choice among environmental possibilities rather than strict environmental control.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Ellsworth Huntington is associated with:
A. Cultural landscape school
B. Critical GIS
C. Environmental determinism, especially climatic influence
D. Possibilism
Correct Answer: C
Huntington argued that climate strongly influenced human activity and civilization.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Ellen Churchill Semple is commonly associated with:
A. Possibilism
B. Behavioral geography
C. Postmodern geography
D. Environmental determinism
Correct Answer: D
Semple popularized ideas emphasizing strong environmental influence on human societies.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Friedrich Ratzel is associated with:
A. Anthropogeography and environmental determinist ideas
B. Possibilism
C. Humanistic geography
D. GIScience
Correct Answer: A
Ratzel examined relationships between societies, states, and environment and is linked with deterministic thinking.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Humboldt and Ritter are often regarded as:
A. Creators of UTM
B. Founders of modern scientific geography
C. Inventors of GPS
D. Founders of geology only
Correct Answer: B
Their empirical and comparative approaches helped establish geography as a modern academic discipline.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Carl Ritter is especially associated with:
A. Cadastral mapping
B. Behavioral geography
C. Comparative regional geography
D. Remote sensing
Correct Answer: C
Ritter emphasized systematic comparison of regions and their relationships between nature and human life.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Humboldt pioneered the mapping of lines connecting equal temperature called:
A. Isobars
B. Isohyets
C. Contours
D. Isotherms
Correct Answer: D
Humboldt used isotherms to compare temperature patterns across regions.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Humboldt's major work presenting the unity of nature is:
A. Kosmos
B. Geographia
C. Anthropogeographie
D. Principles of Human Geography
Correct Answer: A
Kosmos synthesized Humboldt's view of nature as an interconnected whole.