CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
An incremental backup stores changes since:
A. The most recent backup of any type
B. The database was first created only
C. The most recent full backup only
D. The last SELECT query
Correct Answer: A
An incremental backup stores changes made since the latest preceding backup.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
A full backup contains:
A. All selected database data
B. Only changes since the last backup
C. Only table names
D. Only deleted records
Correct Answer: A
A full backup copies all selected data and provides a complete restore base.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
Which is one of the best defenses against SQL injection?
A. Parameterized queries
B. Building SQL by joining raw user input
C. Giving every user administrator rights
D. Disabling all backups
Correct Answer: A
Parameterized queries keep user values separate from SQL instructions and greatly reduce injection risk.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
A malicious technique that inserts harmful SQL through user input is called:
A. SQL injection
B. Data normalization
C. Index creation
D. Query sorting
Correct Answer: A
SQL injection exploits unsafe input handling to alter or execute database commands.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
Converting readable data into an unreadable protected form is called:
A. Encryption
B. Normalization
C. Sorting
D. Aggregation
Correct Answer: A
Encryption protects data by converting it into ciphertext that requires a key to read.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
The principle of least privilege means users should receive:
A. Only the permissions necessary for their work
B. Every administrator permission
C. No password
D. Permission to delete all backups
Correct Answer: A
Least privilege reduces risk by granting only the minimum access needed.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
A named collection of database permissions is called a:
A. Role
B. Row
C. Index
D. Schema instance
Correct Answer: A
A role groups permissions so they can be assigned to users more easily.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
The process of deciding what an authenticated user may do is called:
A. Authorization
B. Authentication
C. Recovery
D. Indexing
Correct Answer: A
Authorization determines the permissions granted to a verified user.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
The process of verifying a user's identity is called:
A. Authentication
B. Authorization
C. Normalization
D. Aggregation
Correct Answer: A
Authentication confirms who the user is, commonly through passwords or other credentials.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
Which command should be used to undo an unsuccessful transaction?
A. ROLLBACK
B. COMMIT
C. GRANT
D. CREATE
Correct Answer: A
ROLLBACK cancels uncommitted changes and restores the previous consistent state.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
Which command should be used after a transaction has completed successfully?
A. COMMIT
B. ROLLBACK
C. DROP
D. REVOKE
Correct Answer: A
COMMIT permanently records the completed transaction.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
A situation in which two transactions wait indefinitely for each other's locked resources is called:
A. Deadlock
B. Backup
C. Normalization
D. Replication
Correct Answer: A
A deadlock occurs when transactions form a circular wait and none can proceed.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
A mechanism that restricts other transactions from changing data being used is called a:
A. Lock
B. Form
C. Report
D. Alias
Correct Answer: A
A lock protects data during a transaction and helps prevent conflicting updates.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
The process of controlling simultaneous database access is called:
A. Concurrency control
B. Page formatting
C. Report printing
D. File compression
Correct Answer: A
Concurrency control prevents conflicting simultaneous operations from damaging data consistency.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
In ACID properties, Durability means:
A. Committed changes survive system failure
B. All queries are temporary
C. All data is deleted after logout
D. Only backup files are stored
Correct Answer: A
Durability ensures that committed data remains stored even after a crash or restart.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
In ACID properties, Isolation means:
A. Concurrent transactions do not improperly interfere with each other
B. The database must be disconnected from a network
C. Every table must be stored separately
D. Only one user can ever use the system
Correct Answer: A
Isolation controls how concurrent transactions see and affect one another.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
In ACID properties, Consistency means:
A. A transaction moves the database from one valid state to another
B. Every row must contain the same value
C. Every table must have the same number of columns
D. All users see different rules
Correct Answer: A
Consistency means database rules and constraints remain valid before and after a transaction.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
In ACID properties, Atomicity means:
A. All transaction operations occur or none occur
B. Data is always alphabetically sorted
C. Every user has administrator rights
D. The database is stored only in memory
Correct Answer: A
Atomicity ensures that a transaction is completed entirely or rolled back entirely.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
A sequence of database operations treated as one logical unit is called a:
A. Transaction
B. Report
C. Schema
D. View
Correct Answer: A
A transaction groups operations so they succeed or fail together.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Basic Computing
Database Basics
Which database feature helps ensure that entered data follows required rules?
A. Constraints
B. Wallpaper
C. Screensaver
D. Printer driver
Correct Answer: A
Constraints enforce rules such as uniqueness, valid ranges, required values, and references.