Medicine
Oncology
Which complication or major adverse outcome is particularly associated with Prostate cancer?
A. Metastatic bone disease
B. Superior vena cava syndrome
C. Osteoblastic bone metastases
D. Large-bowel obstruction
Correct Answer: C
Prostate cancer has a strong tendency to spread to bone and often produces osteoblastic lesions.
Medicine
Oncology
A patient is diagnosed with Prostate cancer. Which is the most appropriate management principle?
A. Use aggressive risk-based prophylaxis or treatment with hydration and uric-acid-lowering therapy
B. Use risk- and stage-based active surveillance, surgery, radiotherapy and/or systemic hormonal therapy
C. Refer to a multidisciplinary breast team for stage- and receptor-directed local and systemic therapy
D. Use multidisciplinary stage- and histology-directed surgery, radiotherapy and/or systemic therapy
Correct Answer: B
Management ranges from surveillance to multimodal therapy depending on cancer risk and patient health.
Medicine
Oncology
In a patient with suspected Prostate cancer, which investigation or diagnostic approach is most appropriate at this stage?
A. PSA-based risk assessment followed by prostate imaging and biopsy when clinically indicated
B. Repeat or confirm calcium with renal function and targeted evaluation of the mechanism
C. Serial potassium, phosphate, calcium, uric acid and kidney-function monitoring
D. Triple assessment with clinical examination, breast imaging and tissue diagnosis
Correct Answer: A
PSA is not diagnostic alone; tissue confirmation and staging are required when cancer is suspected.
Medicine
Oncology
A patient has progressive lower urinary tract symptoms, bone pain and a suspicious prostate examination. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Malignant spinal cord compression
B. Hypercalcemia of malignancy
C. Tumor lysis syndrome
D. Prostate cancer
Correct Answer: D
Prostate malignancy can be asymptomatic early but advanced disease may produce urinary or skeletal symptoms.
Medicine
Oncology
Which anemia pattern in an adult should prompt evaluation for occult gastrointestinal blood loss?
A. Isolated mild macrocytosis after B12 therapy
B. Transient hemoconcentration
C. Unexplained iron deficiency anemia
D. High hemoglobin after dehydration
Correct Answer: C
Unexplained iron deficiency in adults warrants evaluation for gastrointestinal blood loss, including colorectal malignancy.
Medicine
Oncology
Which complication or major adverse outcome is particularly associated with Colorectal cancer?
A. Osteoblastic bone metastases
B. Large-bowel obstruction
C. Septic shock
D. Permanent paraplegia
Correct Answer: B
A colorectal tumor can progressively narrow the lumen and present with obstruction.
Medicine
Oncology
A patient is diagnosed with Colorectal cancer. Which is the most appropriate management principle?
A. Use stage-directed surgical and oncologic management
B. Use multidisciplinary stage- and histology-directed surgery, radiotherapy and/or systemic therapy
C. Use risk- and stage-based active surveillance, surgery, radiotherapy and/or systemic hormonal therapy
D. Start prompt empiric broad-spectrum antipseudomonal antibiotics
Correct Answer: A
Localized disease is primarily surgical, with systemic or radiation treatment depending on site and stage.
Medicine
Oncology
In a patient with suspected Colorectal cancer, which investigation or diagnostic approach is most appropriate at this stage?
A. Triple assessment with clinical examination, breast imaging and tissue diagnosis
B. Diagnostic chest CT followed by tissue sampling of an appropriate lesion or node
C. PSA-based risk assessment followed by prostate imaging and biopsy when clinically indicated
D. Colonoscopy with biopsy
Correct Answer: D
Colonoscopy visualizes the lesion, detects synchronous pathology and permits tissue diagnosis.
Medicine
Oncology
A patient has iron deficiency anemia, change in bowel habit and unexplained weight loss. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Tumor lysis syndrome
B. Breast cancer
C. Colorectal cancer
D. Lung cancer
Correct Answer: C
Occult GI blood loss and altered bowel function are classic warning features of colorectal cancer.
Medicine
Oncology
Which symptom in a smoker is a red flag requiring prompt evaluation for lung malignancy?
A. Brief sneezing after dust exposure
B. Hemoptysis
C. One day of mild rhinorrhea
D. Occasional hiccups
Correct Answer: B
Hemoptysis, persistent cough, weight loss and unexplained chest findings are important lung-cancer warning signs.
Medicine
Oncology
Which complication or major adverse outcome is particularly associated with Lung cancer?
A. Superior vena cava syndrome
B. Permanent paraplegia
C. Acute kidney injury and arrhythmia
D. Acute kidney injury with life-threatening hyperkalemia
Correct Answer: A
Mediastinal tumor can obstruct the SVC and cause facial and upper-limb swelling with venous congestion.
Medicine
Oncology
A patient is diagnosed with Lung cancer. Which is the most appropriate management principle?
A. Start prompt empiric broad-spectrum antipseudomonal antibiotics
B. Give urgent corticosteroid therapy when appropriate and arrange immediate oncology or neurosurgical management
C. Start intravenous isotonic fluid resuscitation and use calcium-lowering therapy according to severity and cause
D. Use multidisciplinary stage- and histology-directed surgery, radiotherapy and/or systemic therapy
Correct Answer: D
Treatment differs greatly by stage, histology and molecular profile.
Medicine
Oncology
In a patient with suspected Lung cancer, which investigation or diagnostic approach is most appropriate at this stage?
A. PSA-based risk assessment followed by prostate imaging and biopsy when clinically indicated
B. Prompt cultures and focused infection evaluation while treatment is initiated
C. Diagnostic chest CT followed by tissue sampling of an appropriate lesion or node
D. Urgent MRI of the spine
Correct Answer: C
Imaging defines the lesion and staging anatomy, while histology determines cancer type and treatment.
Medicine
Oncology
A patient is a long-term smoker with persistent cough, hemoptysis and unexplained weight loss. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Colorectal cancer
B. Lung cancer
C. Prostate cancer
D. Febrile neutropenia
Correct Answer: B
Persistent respiratory symptoms, hemoptysis and weight loss in a high-risk person require evaluation for lung cancer.
Medicine
Oncology
Which diagnostic step confirms breast cancer?
A. Tissue biopsy with histopathology
B. Serum calcium alone
C. Chest auscultation
D. Urine dipstick
Correct Answer: A
Imaging can identify suspicious lesions, but histopathology establishes the definitive diagnosis.
Medicine
Oncology
Which complication or major adverse outcome is particularly associated with Breast cancer?
A. Acute kidney injury with life-threatening hyperkalemia
B. Superior vena cava syndrome
C. Large-bowel obstruction
D. Metastatic bone disease
Correct Answer: D
Breast cancer commonly metastasizes to bone and can cause pain, fractures and hypercalcemia.
Medicine
Oncology
A patient is diagnosed with Breast cancer. Which is the most appropriate management principle?
A. Start intravenous isotonic fluid resuscitation and use calcium-lowering therapy according to severity and cause
B. Use aggressive risk-based prophylaxis or treatment with hydration and uric-acid-lowering therapy
C. Refer to a multidisciplinary breast team for stage- and receptor-directed local and systemic therapy
D. Use multidisciplinary stage- and histology-directed surgery, radiotherapy and/or systemic therapy
Correct Answer: C
Breast-cancer treatment depends on stage, tumor biology and patient factors.
Medicine
Oncology
In a patient with suspected Breast cancer, which investigation or diagnostic approach is most appropriate at this stage?
A. Urgent MRI of the spine
B. Triple assessment with clinical examination, breast imaging and tissue diagnosis
C. Repeat or confirm calcium with renal function and targeted evaluation of the mechanism
D. Serial potassium, phosphate, calcium, uric acid and kidney-function monitoring
Correct Answer: B
Definitive evaluation combines clinical, radiologic and pathologic assessment.
Medicine
Oncology
A patient has a new hard irregular breast mass with skin tethering and ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Breast cancer
B. Febrile neutropenia
C. Malignant spinal cord compression
D. Hypercalcemia of malignancy
Correct Answer: A
A hard irregular mass with skin or nodal changes is concerning for breast malignancy.
Medicine
Neurology
Which feature best distinguishes myasthenia gravis from a fixed structural muscle weakness?
A. Weakness is always maximal on waking and never changes
B. Sensory loss is the dominant feature
C. Reflexes are always absent
D. Weakness fluctuates and worsens with repeated use
Correct Answer: D
Fatigability and fluctuation are characteristic of neuromuscular-junction transmission failure.