CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
A solstice occurs when:
A. Earth crosses 180° longitude
B. The Sun reaches its greatest apparent north or south declination
C. The Sun is over the Equator
D. Day and night are equal everywhere
Correct Answer: B
Solstices mark the extremes of the Sun's apparent seasonal movement north or south.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
An equinox occurs when:
A. Earth stops rotating
B. The Sun is overhead at a pole
C. Day and night are approximately equal in length worldwide
D. The North Pole faces the Sun most strongly
Correct Answer: C
At an equinox, the Sun is over the Equator and day and night are nearly equal.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Seasons are primarily caused by:
A. Changing Earth-Sun distance alone
B. Earth's daily rotation alone
C. The Prime Meridian
D. Earth's axial tilt combined with its revolution around the Sun
Correct Answer: D
The 23.5-degree tilt changes solar angle and day length through the annual orbit.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
The equatorial circumference of Earth is slightly larger than the polar circumference because Earth is:
A. Oblate
B. Perfectly spherical
C. Prolate
D. Flat
Correct Answer: A
Earth bulges slightly at the Equator and is flattened at the poles.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
The geographic grid provides a global system for:
A. Naming climates only
B. Locating positions using latitude and longitude
C. Classifying rocks
D. Measuring income
Correct Answer: B
The graticule of parallels and meridians gives a universal coordinate framework.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Differential GNSS improves position accuracy by:
A. Changing map projection only
B. Using fewer satellites
C. Using corrections from reference stations or networks
D. Ignoring satellite signals
Correct Answer: C
Reference stations with known positions estimate errors and supply corrections to users.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Multipath error in GPS occurs when:
A. Satellites stop orbiting
B. Longitude changes
C. Maps use wrong colors
D. Signals reflect off surfaces before reaching the receiver
Correct Answer: D
Reflected signals travel extra distance and can bias calculated ranges.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
GPS accuracy can be degraded by:
A. Atmospheric effects, multipath, satellite geometry, and obstructions
B. Only map titles
C. Only paper size
D. Only political borders
Correct Answer: A
Signal delays, reflections, poor satellite arrangement, and blocked sky reduce positioning quality.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Unsupervised classification initially groups pixels based on:
A. Time zones
B. Spectral similarity without labeled training classes
C. Political boundaries
D. Place names
Correct Answer: B
Unsupervised algorithms form spectral clusters that are later interpreted by the analyst.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Supervised classification requires:
A. Only map scale
B. Only contour lines
C. Training samples for known classes
D. No prior class information
Correct Answer: C
Supervised methods learn from labeled examples representing target land-cover classes.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Image classification in remote sensing is used to:
A. Convert longitude to time
B. Draw political boundaries by law
C. Calculate map scale only
D. Assign pixels to land-cover or other thematic classes
Correct Answer: D
Classification turns spectral information into categories such as water, forest, crops, or urban land.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Ground truth in remote sensing refers to:
A. Field observations used to verify and interpret remotely sensed data
B. A map title
C. Satellite altitude only
D. A projection formula
Correct Answer: A
Ground truth provides real-world reference data for classification and validation.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
A key advantage of active radar is that it can operate:
A. Only when sunlight is strong
B. Day or night
C. Only at noon
D. Only in summer
Correct Answer: B
Because radar provides its own energy source, it does not require sunlight.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Microwave radar can often observe Earth's surface through:
A. The Earth's core
B. All materials equally
C. Clouds
D. Solid mountains
Correct Answer: C
Microwave wavelengths used by radar can penetrate clouds, enabling all-weather observation.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Cloud cover most directly limits many:
A. Radar observations
B. GPS timing
C. Vector topology
D. Optical passive remote-sensing observations
Correct Answer: D
Clouds block or scatter visible and infrared energy, reducing optical image quality.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
A hyperspectral sensor differs from a typical multispectral sensor by using:
A. Many narrow contiguous spectral bands
B. Only one broad band
C. No electromagnetic radiation
D. Only sound waves
Correct Answer: A
Hyperspectral sensors collect a large number of narrow spectral bands, enabling detailed material discrimination.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
A multispectral sensor records:
A. Only spoken data
B. Several separate wavelength bands
C. Only one coordinate
D. Only one map scale
Correct Answer: B
Multispectral imaging samples multiple regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Higher temporal resolution means:
A. More map sheets
B. Fewer dates
C. More frequent observations of the same area
D. Larger pixels
Correct Answer: C
Temporal resolution improves as revisit time becomes shorter.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Increasing raster spatial resolution usually means:
A. Using fewer pixels
B. Removing coordinates
C. Using fewer spectral bands
D. Using smaller ground pixels
Correct Answer: D
Finer spatial resolution represents smaller ground areas per pixel and can show more detail.
CSS - PMS - CCE - PCS - Geography
Introduction of Geography
Vector data are especially suitable for:
A. Discrete features with clear boundaries
B. Only continuous temperature fields
C. Only satellite radiance
D. Only elevation grids
Correct Answer: A
Points, lines, and polygons efficiently represent discrete objects such as wells, roads, and parcels.